“数字清江”实时水情调度联合计

为了快速、准确的分析水情实况、预测未来的发展趋势，结合清江流域防洪减灾工作实际情况，设计了实时水情调度联合计算方案。根据清江流域地理位置的特点，将其分为7个子流域，依次进行降雨径流预报、洪水演算，为防洪减灾提供真实有效的决策依据。通过对该方案的分析，探讨了设计思路，并给出了其实现机理。该方案已在“数字清江”项目中得到成功应用。     

A tool for community-based assessment of the implications of development on water security in hillside watersheds

Development and population growth in Latin American countries with steep slope farming are likely to further increase pressures on water and land resources. A methodology was developed for assessing water availability and use under different development pathways at a watershed scale to determine whether water security is a potential problem, and if so, under what conditions it is likely to occur. This methodology makes use of a GIS-based spatial water budget model for simulating stream water availability, water use and stream flow control on a daily basis at a watershed scale. Here, we analysed water availability under three plausible development scenarios for the 3246 ha Cabuyal River watershed in southwest Colombia in the year 2025: Corporate Farming (CF), Ecological Watershed (EW), and Business as Usual (BU). Simulated average river flows at the watershed outlet were, respectively, 874, 796 and 925 l s⁻¹ for the CF, EW and BU scenarios. The contribution of base flow to river flow (base flow index) was on average, 80.8, 85.6 and 77.9%, respectively, for the three scenarios. The watershed had the potential to meet the anticipated increase in water use under each explorative scenario. However, dams were necessary to store irrigation water in the CF scenario, otherwise over 60% of the available water would have been used during the dry season. Such a high figure raises concerns about effects on aquatic and riparian ecology, concentrations of potential contaminants, water reserves for especially low rainfall years, and the watershed resilience to meet temporarily higher water needs during the day. Analyses indicated that current water-use conflicts in the watershed can be resolved if irrigation water supply is separated from drinking water supply. This study helped reduce some of the complexity associated with the interdependencies between land and water resources, the impact of using them, and spatial linkages within the watershed. Results of this study can be used for teaching local stakeholders about basic landscape responses and helping multi-institutional alliances to become proactive and to guide development to the benefit of local communities.     

胶东半岛丘陵区典型流域气温-降

利用大沽夹河流域1966~2003年各水文站逐年、月气温和降水实测资料，采用线性倾向估计和Mann-Kendall法，对流域气候变化趋势的年季特征及突变性进行了分析。结果表明，（1）近40年来，大沽夹河流域年平均气温整体呈上升趋势，降水呈下降趋势，气候倾向率分别为0.20℃/10a和-42.17mm/10a。（2）春、夏、冬三季平均气温均呈上升趋势，秋季呈下降趋势。春、冬季的气温倾向率大于全年且冬季高于春季（分别为0.216和0.583℃/10a），夏季的气温倾向率（0.01℃/10a）小于全年；各季平均降水的变化趋势与年降水量变化趋势基本相似，整体亦呈减少趋势，但减少的幅度均明显小于全年平均降水。其中，夏秋季下降趋势较快，春冬季较慢，倾向率分别为-21.76、-15.52、-2.52和-2.25mm/10a。（3）除冬季外，各季及年平均气温均在1972年左右发生突变。其中，夏季在1994年左右发生第二次突变，秋季突变次数相对较多；降水的突变多发生在1970s和1980s初。     

海河流域水生态环境破坏的经济损失估算

利用多种方法估算海河流域水生态环境破坏造成的经济损失，并综合已有相关研究，认为1999年的经济损失相当于流域GDP的0．63%-16．6％。利用影子价格法估算的经济损失相当于流域GDP的7．3％。海河流域现状水生态环境恶化造成的相对经济损失值处在历史高峰期。未来在实施南水北调工程及按照规划开展大规模节水挖潜举措的前提下，经济损失的相对量将大为减少，但是绝对经济损失量可能还会有所增大。向流域节水挖潜领域的项目投资，会给全社会带来较高的经济收益。     

长江江苏段岸线及岸线资源综合评

通过长江江苏段河道的演变，评价了江苏长江岸线的确定性及岸线资源条件,分析了长江江苏段岸线资源开发利用现状及存在问题，提出了岸线利用原则。在长江江苏段岸线利用过程中，还存在河势不稳定，布局不合理，重大岸线开发工程缺乏足够的科学论证和水污染严重等问题，提出遵照河道演变规律开发岸线，保护河岸工程的安全，制定权威的岸线功能区划和开发利用规划，实行岸线有偿使用。根据河岸水质污染与河床特点合理布置引水口和排污口，提高引水质量。     

黑河中游合理水价制定方法研究探

国务院西部开发重大工程——黑河流域治理和调水的主要目的是促进中游节水，增泄下游水量改善生态环境。水价是促进节水的最重要经济手段。结合《黑河中下游节水措施和合理水价研究》课题，以经济社会可持续发展为根本，以水资源的科学管理、合理配置、高效利用和有效保护为核心，在深入调查研究黑河中游水价现状的基础上，分析了传统水价制定方法及其不足之处，指出了制定合理水价的必要性，提出了实行两部制水价是符合黑河中游水价现状的合理水价，并将其运用到黑河中游水价制定，最后对两部制水价的应用效果进行评价。     

深圳市河道水环境综合治理的典型

通过对深圳市新洲河生态景观改造工程设计，摸索出一条融合现代水利工程、城市规划、风景园林、生态、水污染治理等多学科多专业进行城市河道综合治理工程设计方法，为探索深圳市河道生态改造打开思路。通过对深圳市新洲河两岸景观改造，将新洲河融入城市公共空间，使其成为居民的滨水休闲廊道；在截污的基础上，通过补水、水质净化等一系列措施，使河道水质变清，达到规定的地表水Ⅴ类标准；通过对河道的生态改造，恢复河道生态功能，提高水体自净能力，成为深圳市的生态景观廊道，达到人与自然的和谐相处。     

基于DEM的水文模型在沮河流域的应用

基于DEM的流域水文模型是近年来水文模型的热点,而干旱半干旱地区的水文模型一直是水文研究的一个难题。分析了干旱地区的降雨产流特性,建立了符合该产流特性的数字高程模型和陕北模型相结合的水文模型,并将其应用到沮河流域桃曲坡水库的洪水预报中,计算结果证明该水文模型在干旱地区是切实可行的。     

基于GS和DEM的九龙江流域地表水

运用GIS软件ARC/INFO、ArcView，以九龙江流域为例，探讨了数字高程模型（DEM）的处理及其水文模拟分析。对九龙江流域分幅数字高程模型（DEM）进行图幅拼接、网格重分及切割等处理分析，生成九龙江流域数字高程模型。基于DEM和GIS，进行流域的水文模拟分析，包括洼地填充、水流方向计算、水流累积量计算、水网提取，最后进行了九龙江全流域及子流域界线的划分，生成了数字流域。     

Salinity and geomorphology drive long‐term changes to local and regional fish assemblage attributes in the lower Pecos River,Texas

River systems throughout arid regions worldwide have been heavily impacted by human activities, resulting in long‐term ecological consequences. The lower Pecos River in the Trans‐Pecos region of Texas is no exception, having undergone anthropogenic changes that include decreased flow, elevated salinity, species loss and species invasion. We compared historical and contemporary fish assemblage attributes from the Pecos River at local (site‐specific) and regional (Trans‐Pecos region) scales across a 24‐year time period. Fish assemblage data were collected in October 1987 and 2011, by seining at 15 sites spanning 430 km of the river in Texas. Additionally, we examined contemporary environmental conditions to determine species–environment relationships. We found that fish assemblages were significantly different between time periods, likely due to increased salinisation in the upper half of the study region. Decreased species richness, species replacement and increases in euryhaline species were documented in the upstream sites. Freshwater springs lower the salinity and maintain flows in the downstream reach, allowing for maintenance of the native fish fauna. Careful management of regional aquifers, irrigation practices and petroleum waste water will be necessary for protecting biodiversity and environmental flows in the lower Pecos River.